Office Tax Procedures

Questions: 1. What is an incidental advantage and give a model? 2. What standards should be fulfilled for something to be regarded an incidental advantage? 3. Clarify what general conclusions for charge reasons for existing are and give in any event 5 models? Answers: (1). Incidental advantage is a benefit or prize or bit of leeway gave by a business to his representatives or workers against which the business needs to pay charges at the rates indicated by Income Tax Authorities, Some of these advantages are absolved (Ball, 2015). Incidental advantages for the most part gave to representatives to giving them non-money stipends to give them great and invaluable to both the supplier and collector under work culture with the goal that they work all the more proficiently and viably. Instances of such incidental advantages are House Rent Allowance, Rewards on accomplishing past the focused on objectives, Provident Funds, Mediclaims, Education Claims, Traveling Allowances, Stock Options are a few recompenses gave by bosses. (2). Standards that is required to be fulfilled for anything to be an esteemed incidental advantage is there ought to be outpouring of qualities material to the supplier either as money or kind to the recipient. The collector need to utilize the advantages in a single schedule year in any case those advantages gave gets slipped by ((Ball, 2015). (3). All the surveys are required to pay charge on their pay according to the arrangements laid under Income Tax Act in the time of appraisal. Available pay is determined by consideration of the considerable number of salaries and additions deducted by costs and misfortunes and certain absolved livelihoods. These costs and misfortunes admissible for reasonings are called general conclusions (Gangl, Hofmann and Kirchler, 2015). These general derivations meet all requirements for deductible just on the off chance that they fulfill certain conditions as gave in the Act which are as per the following: General conclusions are took into consideration evaluates conveying business on exchange and have been brought about in the age of its salary. Conclusions can be guaranteed distinctly for the costs or misfortunes really brought about by the citizen either as money or in the worth substantially ascertainable. No conclusions are took into account misfortunes or costs in Capital or of Contingent nature, it must be of Revenue nature. Costs or misfortunes are admissible as findings just on the off chance that they are acquired in the time of appraisal for example any development or exceptional installments doesn't meet all requirements for general reasonings. Instances of general derivations: Cost of creations Voyaging costs Review costs Bookkeeping costs Installments of lease Devaluation charges Misfortune on special of advantages. Reference List: Ball, T., 2015. Universal Tax Compliance Agreements and Swiss Bank Privacy Law: A Model Protecting a Principled History.Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev.,48, p.233. Dinis, A., Lopes, C. what's more, Silva, A., 2015.Tax avoidance and assessment extortion in the liquidation procedure: exact proof from Portugal. OBEGEF-Observatrio de Economia e Gesto de Fraude. Gangl, K., Hofmann, E. what's more, Kirchler, E., 2015. Assessment specialists' association with citizens: An origination of consistence in social difficulties by force and trust.New thoughts in psychology,37, pp.13-23. Gangl, K., Kirchler, E., Lorenz, C. what's more, Torgler, B., 2015. Rich Tax Non-Filers in a Developing Nation: The Roles of Taxpayer Knowledge, Perceived Corruption and Service Orientation in Pakistan.WU International Taxation Research Paper Series, (2015-26).

Infectious Mononucleosis :: essays research papers

CauseInfectious mononucleosis is brought about by the Ebstein-Barr infection, which is an individual from the herpes family. This family likewise incorporates the infections that cause mouth blisters, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth absconds. The Ebstein-Barr infection has a long brooding period and manifestations for the most part take around 4-10 weeks to develop.Once an individual is tainted with a herpes infection, it never truly leaves. The infections can lie torpid in our bodies and become dynamic whenever. The main way mono can be spread is through direct contact with contaminated spit. That clarifies why it is known as the "kissing disease". Drinking from every others glasses, sharing flatware, and hacking can likewise spread the infection. In uncommon cases it very well may be transmitted from individual to individual through blood transfusions.A individual must be contaminated when somebody who has the infection passes it to somebody who has never been uncovered. Be that as it may, under 5% of individuals w/mono can review being in contact w/somebody who had mono. That is b/c a few people are carefully transporters. They convey the infection and pass it along to another person while never getting any indications themselves.Population AffectedAnyone can get mono. Around 70-80% of all cases happen in individuals btw/the ages of 15-30. Mono is generally normal among secondary school and understudies who safe frameworks are typically run down from pressure and exhaustion. Albeit mono pinnacles prior in females, it happens all the more frequently in guys. Females are typically 15-16 when they contract mono and guys will in general associate with 18-23. It is evaluated that by the age of 40, 95% of the populace has just had mono. That may be difficult to accept, yet the vast majority who had mono didn't have any acquaintance with it. They had such gentle cases that they thought it was only a cold or influenza and their bodies had the option to deliver antibodies against consistently having mono again.SymptomsIf side effects do show up, they don't grow right away. The brooding time frame keeps going somewhere in the range of 2 to 7 weeks. The first manifestations are generally confused with a virus. They are migraine, weakness, loss of hunger, and chills. The indications become progressively serious as the body's lymphatic framework is influenced. These incorporate extraordinary fatigue, sore throat, fever and swollen organs.

Classical Conditioning How It Works With Examples

Classical Conditioning How It Works With Examples Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Classical Conditioning Overview A Step-by-Step Guide to How Classical Conditioning Really Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 05, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Classical Conditioning Basics How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Key Principles of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Examples View All Back To Top Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.??? Illustration by Joshua Seong, Verywell Classical Conditioning Basics Although classical conditioning was not discovered by a psychologist at all, it had a tremendous influence over the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.??? Behaviorism is based on the assumption that:All  learning occurs through interactions with the environmentThe environment shapes behavior Its important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (presenting of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.??? In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.??? There are three basic phases of this process: Phase 1: Before Conditioning The first part of the classical conditioning process requires a naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically elicit a response. Salivating in response to the smell of food is a good example of a naturally occurring stimulus. During this phase of the processes, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) results in an unconditioned response (UCR).??? For example, presenting food (the UCS) naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response (the UCR). At this point, there is also a neutral stimulus that produces no effect - yet. It isnt until this neutral stimulus is paired with the UCS that it will come to evoke a response. Lets take a closer look at the two critical components of this phase of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.??? For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.??? In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. Phase 2: During Conditioning During the second phase of the classical conditioning process, the previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. As a result of this pairing, an association between the previously neutral stimulus and the UCS is formed. At this point, the once neutral stimulus becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The subject has now been conditioned to respond to this stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.??? In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. Phase 3: After Conditioning Once the association has been made between the UCS and the CS, presenting the conditioned stimulus alone will come to evoke a response even without the unconditioned stimulus. The resulting response is known as the conditioned response (CR).??? The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. Key Principles of Classical Conditioning Behaviorists have described a number of different phenomena associated with  classical conditioning. Some of these elements involve the initial establishment of the response while others describe the disappearance of a response. These elements are important in understanding the classical conditioning process. Lets take a closer look at five key principles of classical conditioning: 1. Acquisition Acquisition  is the initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.??? During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an  unconditioned stimulus. As you may recall, an unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning. After an association is made, the subject will begin to emit a behavior in response to the previously neutral stimulus, which is now known as a  conditioned stimulus. It is at this point that we can say that the response has been acquired. For example, imagine that you are conditioning a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a bell. You repeatedly pair the presentation of food with the sound of the bell. You can say the response has been acquired as soon as the dog begins to salivate in response to the bell tone. Once the response has been established, you can gradually reinforce the salivation response to make sure the behavior is well learned. Acquisition in Classical Conditioning 2. Extinction Extinction  is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears. In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.??? For example, if the smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) had been paired with the sound of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it would eventually come to evoke the conditioned response of hunger. However, if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of food) were no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (the whistle), eventually the conditioned response (hunger) would disappear. Extinction in Classical Conditioning 3. Spontaneous Recovery Sometimes a learned response can suddenly reemerge even after a period of extinction.  Spontaneous recovery  is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.??? For example, imagine that after training a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, you stop reinforcing the behavior and the response eventually becomes extinct. After a rest period during which the conditioned stimulus is not presented, you suddenly ring the bell and the animal spontaneously recovers the previously learned response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery. Why Spontaneous Recovery Is Important in Psychology 4. Stimulus Generalization Stimulus generalization  is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.??? For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, the animal may also exhibit the same response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. In John B. Watsons famous  Little Albert Experiment, for example, a small child was conditioned to fear a white rat. The child demonstrated stimulus generalization by also exhibiting fear in response to other fuzzy white objects including stuffed toys and Watson own hair. How Stimulus Generalization Influences Learning 5. Stimulus Discrimination Discrimination  is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.??? For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds. Because the subject is able to distinguish between these stimuli, he or she will only respond when the conditioned stimulus is presented. Understanding Stimulus Discrimination Classical Conditioning Examples It can be helpful to look at a few examples of how the classical conditioning process operates both in experimental and real-world  settings. Classical Conditioning of a Fear Response One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watsons experiment in which a fear response was conditioned in a boy known as Little Albert.??? The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The childs fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. Lets examine the elements of this classic experiment. Prior to the conditioning, the white rat was a neutral stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud, clanging sounds and the unconditioned response was the fear response created by the noise. By repeatedly pairing the rat with the unconditioned stimulus, the white rat (now the conditioned stimulus) came to evoke the fear response (now the conditioned response). This experiment illustrates how phobias can form through classical conditioning. In many cases, a single pairing of a neutral stimulus (a dog, for example) and a frightening experience (being bitten by the dog) can lead to a lasting phobia (being afraid of dogs). Classical Conditioning of Taste Aversions Another example of classical conditioning can be seen in the development of conditioned taste aversions. Researchers John Garcia and Bob Koelling first noticed this phenomenon when they observed how rats that had been exposed to a nausea-causing radiation developed an aversion to flavored water after the radiation and the water were presented together.??? In this example, the radiation represents the unconditioned stimulus and the nausea represents the unconditioned response. After the pairing of the two, the flavored water is the conditioned stimulus, while the nausea that formed when exposed to the water alone is the conditioned response. Later research demonstrated that such classically conditioned aversions could be produced through a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Researchers also found that such aversions can even develop if the conditioned stimulus (the taste of the food) is presented several hours before the unconditioned stimulus (the nausea-causing stimulus).??? Why do such associations develop so quickly? Obviously, forming such associations can have survival benefits for the organism. If an animal eats something that makes it ill, it needs to avoid eating the same food in the future to avoid sickness or even death. This is a great example of what is known as biological preparedness. Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival.??? In one famous field study, researchers injected sheep carcasses with a poison that would make coyotes sick but not kill them. The goal was to help sheep ranchers reduce the number of sheep lost to coyote killings. Not only did the experiment work by lowering the number of sheep killed, it also caused some of the coyotes to develop such a strong aversion to sheep that they would actually run away at the scent or sight of a sheep. A Word From Verywell In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlovs dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets. These techniques are also useful for helping people cope with phobias or anxiety problems. Therapists might, for example, repeatedly pair something that provokes anxiety with relaxation techniques in order to create an association. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious and tense in these situations, the child will learn to stay relaxed and calm.

Race And Racial Profiling And Gender Issues On The Basis...

Introduction Spanish was my first language growing up but when I began to speak English my Spanish accent transpired. I was placed in bilingual classes to assist me in pronouncing English words. Recalling on those memories had me wonder if they were my first experience feeling different. It wasn’t until I got to middle school and high school that I became aware of race separation because students grouped culturally and linguistically. I was not well informed of the purpose of the L.A. riots until I saw the police brutality video. It became evident after 9/11 and the Arizona SB 1070 act that race and racial profiling became a great issue. Throughout this paper my hope is to understand ideas surrounding race and gender issues on the basis†¦show more content†¦The intention was not to lower my self-esteem but to protect my image as a young girl and build my confidence. Gender roles were merely distinguished by knowing how to cook, laundry, appearance and speech. A couple of remarks made by my father and mother for example was, â€Å"you should know how to cook because how are you going to feed your children and husband?†, â€Å"be aware how you speak and look because men are going to think negatively about you†. Statements differentiated gender roles and how to behave based on gender. Previously on my Theory of Me paper I discussed how important respect is in my family and zero tolerance for disrespect. The only discussion I had growing up regarding age was respect towards adults and the elder. Sexual health or sexual orientation was the last thing my parents did not talk to me about. It may have been influenced from embarrassment and boundaries of what not to talk about. Social Media Influences Growing up I did recognize my peers being different from me in physical appearance and language. Music was an influence how I understood cultural diversity by listening to the lyrics, the depiction of music videos, outfits, artists, and choreography. Television portrayed African Americans and Latino characters as a criminal compared to Caucasian characters who were the hero. I did not understand why the African American or the Latino character continuously got shot in every movie until I saw the film â€Å"Mi

Admission Essay about Architecture Personal Statement

Architecture as a career has always been my enthrallment from the time I was a young boy as there is no monotony in it and would like to major in UC architecture. I do believe that my desire to be able to pursue this field stems from the fact that most of my teenage life I have spent it travelling the world and also that I once got directly involved in building. My parents like travelling so much and during those times they would take me along in their tours. During those times, I would take with me my sketch book for drawing all the fascinating views in the different places we would tour and give a personal touch to the sketches drawn by being creative and displaying them in the way I would want them to be. This passion grew to the point that I would urge my parents to arrange for another tour sooner since I was eager to see the new structures and compare them with my own sketches. Traveling the world has made me realize that our cultures are also incorporated in architecture and th is has given me a reason to want to pursue architecture since it will be able to give me an in depth analysis of my culture and that of others. I do believe that I stand a better chance of pursuing the course since I have several advantages. I have been able to go through a number of experiences which have given me a good platform of working as an architect in future after completing my course. I was once involved in re-building the Oakland houses which gave me insights on what is required in the profession. During my free time, I volunteered to give advice to the young teenagers on how to live there lives in order to accomplish their life goals which have been a tool of importance in my life. I will be dealing with so many people hence I acquired the courage to address a large number of people while presenting my designs. I also visited orphaned children and the old people in their nursing homes which was a motivation to me in creating homes where they would stay in when abandoned by their family members. In addition to all this, I have been involved in my high school and college organization programs that have really build my interest in architecture as a profession. My level of creativity has really expanded and I believe that am going to be an asset in your department. I am also competent in my potential to produce quality work since I have managed to enter a competition which required participants to redesign the dorm in 2005 in which my friend and I emerged the first. With this kind of exposure, I am confident that I will give the department the necessary work needed. Apart from all this, I have undergone a two year college experience which gave me knowledge concerning how I can use color, lighting and composition in architectural application. The experience has given me the tool of brainstorming which is powerful in architecture since it is going to give me new ideas to present. The knowledge and skills acquired so far will enable me deliver well in all project assignments. Moreover, I have had the privilege of going to Indonesia to work as a volunteer at Baran Bannan a UNESCO organization. The organization gave me a very good exposure especially since I was able to interact with professionals in the field of architecture who gave me a few tips on how to better my skills and be the best in what I do. The accomplishment I managed to work on during my time in the organization has made me proud of myself. I have been a person who wants to attain the desired goals in a specified time and thus this made me desire and appreciate architecture more. I have always admired the buildings that have been designed by most of the architects and being given the chance to use my skills in Baran Bannan was an honor since they entrusted me with work for the professionals. Candi Prambanan the cultural heritage has been uniquely designed using stacking of stones and thus its maintenance and preservation of the culture will help in understanding the whole work of the world. Architecture is a process that needs to be instilled in an individual in order to bring out all the feelings of the design. The earthquakes bound to hit the buildings should not affect the existence of the building since the architect will have looked into such predicaments and should put in place their recommendations. Stone working materials in the cultural heritage showed that the construction was for a long time ago and shows the Hindu style of constructing houses. The experience of this kind of volunteer work was rewarding since I was able to learn the culture of other tribes which is most basic for architects as it helps in bringing out the design. Architecture is a field that needs individuals to be creative in their working and produce original designs bearing in mind the upco ming designs in the market. Architects need to be well conversant with the new designs in the market and I know that through my traveling expeditions, I have been able to collect some vital information. Having all these experiences and knowledge, I know that am going to put them into good use and deliver much more I given the chance to display my ability. Sharing of acquired knowledge is something I encourage since it will enable me to learn from others. Reference: Senior, M. and Mannix, P. (2001). Writing an effective personal statement: a step-by-step guide. New York: Senior Plcs.

Coachella Free Essays

Coachella One of my favorite events is the Coachella Music Festival, a music fans ultimate adventure. My friend Isaac and I had planned our trip for months. The event was two days, split up because of the hundreds of bands playing. We will write a custom essay sample on Coachella or any similar topic only for you Order Now We bought our ticket months in advance for one day. The line-up for that day was amazing. The line up consisted of: Radio Head, Pixies, Kraftwerk, Rapture, Death Cab for Cutie, and many more. If you love alternative music, this is it. We also had planned to stay the night, so we pre-booked a room in hotel nearby. Our destination was Indio California, near Palm Springs. The drive from San Jose to Indio was about 427 miles. We headed out early morning, stopped a couple times to use the restroom and refuel. Driving on Highway 10, was mostly desert. The only interesting configurations worth gazing were the plain white wind mills. Hundreds lined up, across acres of desert land. Some of the giant windmills propelled with the slight dry wind. We finally had arrived and it felt like we stepped into a depleted tropical land. Luckily, the hotel we stayed in included a swimming pool! It was the day of the event, so we made sure to dress accordingly. We also made sure to bring plenty of water. The parking area was a chaotic scrabble of vehicles. The walk to the gates was a good 10 minutes. This was only the beginning; this event was spread out onto 90 acres. No wonder, GoldenVoice (Coachella Organizers) held event in this location; Empire Polo Club. The first idea that came to mind was to plan our day according to music events itinerary. A mass of 100,000 people would be diverged among the Polo Fields. Coachella’s map out of event accommodated all; with multiple stages, international food stands, alcohol and beverage stands, in door lounges to cool off, numerous tents with DJ’s, art installations, Coachella souvenir stands, porta potties in large quantities, ATMs, Security, and First Aide stands. The lines were a quarter mile long, or more for all stands. At this point, my friend Isaac and I decided we would cool off with a Heineken. Next we took our place in line to get a bite to eat. Of course everything is overpriced, since it is a music concert. How to cite Coachella, Essay examples

Theme - Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films, Allegory

Theme - Animal Farm Theme Analysis The theme of Animal Farm is not difficult to understand. Orwell intended to criticize the communist regime he saw sweeping through Russia and spreading to Europe and even the United States. Though he agreed with many Marxist principles, Orwell was unable to accept the communist interpretation of socialism because he saw many similarities between the communist governments and the previous czarist regimes in old Russia. Communism, he thought, was inherently hypocritical.In his self-proclaimed fairy-story, Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolize the communist system. Though the original intention of overthrowing Mr. Jones (who represents the Czars), is not inherently evil in itself, Napoleons subsequent adoption of nearly all of Mr. Jones principles and harsh mistreatment of the animals proves to the reader that indeed communism is not equality, but just another form of inequality. The pigs and dogs take most of the power for themselves, thinking that they are the best administrat ors of government. Eventually the power corrupts them, and they turn on their fellow animals, eliminating competitors through propaganda and bloodshed. This is of course a reference to Stalin, who murdered many of his own people in order to maintain his dictatorship of Russia. Chapter 1 In Orwell's first chapter, the reader is introduced to all of his wonderful animals with two important exceptions: Snowball and Napoleon (two characters who will become the focus later). Obviously most of the chapter is intended to spark pity and a sense of sympathy for the poor, suffering farm animals, but the old Major's words are very telling. The wise old pig addresses the central conflict of the book, and of Orwell's intended meaning-- tyranny. The first (and seemingly only) dictatorship the animals must overcome is the rule of Mr. Jones and the other humans. Chapter 2 Orwell's second chapter is drenched with metaphors most of which will not come to light until later in the novel. The first is old Major's death. This represents the end to the older regime, the initial revolution. Now someone else will have to step into authority. Secondly Orwell strangely describes a pig named Squealer. The name sounds fairly pig-like but his actions don't. Supposedly Squealer has a special ability to persuade others. Orwell boasts, ...he could turn black into white. Obviously a pig like this could be used by the right people (animals). Orwell uses chapter 2 to really make Mr. Jones into a bad guy, although he admits that he was at one time a good master. Mr. Jones' main problem is that he drinks too much and neglects the farm. Even his men are idle and dishonest. Soon the animals are fed up with Jones (pardon the pun) after not being fed for over a day, so they organize and successfully carry out the long- awaited revolt. The animals rename Manor Farm Animal Farm yet agree not to live in the house. Yet some of the elite pigs have already adopted some of Man's ways; Snowball and Napoleon have suddenly taught themselves to read and write, and soon a list of 7 Commandments is written on the tarred wall. Unfortunately only a few of the animals can actually read the rules. This will come back to haunt them later. Orwell again closes with a eerie foreshadowing. After Snowball and Napoleon order the animals to work in the hay field, the milk which many of the lower animals asked to drink mysteriously disappears. Napoleon, however, dismisses the milk plea by proclaiming, The harvest is more important. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 is uneventful for the most part although it does have a few more important metaphors. For one thing, the pigs are starting to emerge as the elite class of animals although all animals are supposed to be equal. Orwell narrates, The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. Of course the rational is classic and easy to see through. Orwell continues, With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Snowball and Napoleon start to fight and argue over everything. Both pigs enjoy the apples and milk only given to them. Of course this is just in the farm's best interest. Really pigs don't like the taste